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Table 3 The relationship between hours worked, PM10, gender and childcare in Santiago

From: Too polluted to work? The gendered correlates of air pollution on hours worked

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

PM10

0.0017 (0.0022)

0.0098 (0.0024)***

0.0195 (0.0050)***

0.0185 (0.0055)***

0.0216 (0.0055)***

PM10 × female

 

− 0.0216 (0.0025)***

− 0.0259 (0.0027)***

− 0.0167 (0.0036)***

− 0.0196 (0.0039)***

PM10 × female × children

   

− 0.0155 (0.0042)***

− 0.0146 (0.0042) ***

PM10 × children

   

0.0037 (0.0027)

0.0029 (0.0027)

Female

 

− 2.3423 (0.1863)***

− 2.0167 (0.1949)***

− 1.9649 (0.2682)***

− 1.5014 (0.2814)***

Children

   

0.8680 (0.2059)***

0.8827(0.2040)***

Female × children

   

− 0.0920 (0.3165)

− 0.1440 (0.3150)

PM10 × female × non-working adult

    

0.0455 (0.0107)***

PM10 × non-working adult

    

0.0044 (0.0045)

Female × non-working adult

    

− 4.4474 (0.7704)***

Non-working adult

    

0.5190 (0.3299)

PM10 × age

  

− 0.0001 (0.0001)

− 0.0002 (0.0001)

− 0.0003 (0.0001)*

PM10 × agriculture and mining

  

− 0.0114 (0.0098)

− 0.0125 (0.0098)

− 0.0115 (0.0098)

PM10 × manufacturing

  

− 0.0052 (0.0033)

− 0.0050 (0.0034)

− 0.0051(0.0034)

PM10 × construction

  

− 0.0242 (0.0036)***

− 0.0246 (0.0036)***

− 0.0247(0.0036)***

Age

  

0.0618 (0.0077)***

0.0695 (0.0078)***

0.0715(0.0082)***

Agriculture and mining

  

1.6833 (0.7011)*

1.7784 (0.6995)*

1.6894(0.7005)*

Manufacturing

  

0.6568 (0.2429)**

0.6041 (0.2432)*

0.5967(0.2433)*

Construction

  

1.2886 (0.2719)***

1.2313 (0.2722)***

1.2235(0.2723)***

N

255,419

255,419

255,419

255,419

255,419

R-squared

0.0123

0.0275

0.0300

0.0321

0.326

Year, quarter, area fixed effects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

  1. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
  2. Notes: Robust standard errors in parentheses. PM10 measured in microgrammes per cubic metre
  3. Source: Own calculation based on EOD and SINCA, 1997–2017