The evolution of the gender test score gap through seventh grade: new insights from Australia using unconditional quantile regression and decomposition

Le, Huong Thu; Nguyen, Ha Trong

doi:10.1186/s40172-018-0062-y

Table 4 Contributions to the male-female test score gap at mean and selected percentiles by grade—numeracy

From: The evolution of the gender test score gap through seventh grade: new insights from Australia using unconditional quantile regression and decomposition

	Grade 3				Grade 5				Grade 7
	P10th	P50th	P90th	Mean	P10th	P50th	P90th	Mean	P10th	P50th	P90th	Mean
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)
Total gap	−0.12*	0.03	0.19	0.00	0.02	0.17***	0.19*	0.15***	0.01	0.13***	0.32***	0.15***
Explained part
Child	−0.02	0.00	0.00	−0.00	− 0.01	− 0.00	− 0.02	−0.01	− 0.01	− 0.01	− 0.01	−0.01
Child	[17]	[0]	[0]	[n/a]	[−50]	[0]	[−11]	[−7]	[−100]	[−8]	[−3]	[− 7]
Household	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.01	−0.01	−0.02*	− 0.01	− 0.01	− 0.02	− 0.01	−0.02	− 0.02
Household	[0]	[33]	[5]	[n/a]	[−50]	[−12]	[− 5]	[−7]	[−200]	[−8]	[−6]	[− 13]
Others	0.01	−0.00	0.01	0.00	0.02	0.03**	0.04**	0.03***	0.01	0.02*	0.03	0.02*
Others	[−8]	[0]	[5]	[n/a]	[100]	[18]	[21]	[20]	[100]	[15]	[9]	[13]
Initial	− 0.23***	−0.22***	− 0.20***	− 0.23***	− 0.20***	− 0.23***	− 0.25***	− 0.24***	− 0.19***	− 0.23***	− 0.32***	−0.24***
Initial	[192]	[− 733]	[−105]	[n/a]	[−1000]	[−135]	[− 132]	[− 160]	[− 1900]	[− 177]	[−100]	[− 160]
Total	− 0.23***	− 0.21***	− 0.19***	− 0.22***	− 0.20***	− 0.22***	− 0.23***	− 0.23***	− 0.21***	−0.23***	− 0.33***	−0.25***
Total	[192]	[− 700]	[− 100]	[n/a]	[− 1000]	[− 129]	[− 121]	[− 153]	[− 2100]	[− 177]	[− 103]	[− 167]
Unexplained part
Child	−3.40	1.71	−4.09	−1.27	−2.64	− 3.06	− 3.66	− 2.03	− 2.67	−5.70**	0.44	−3.26*
Child	[2833]	[5700]	[− 2153]	[n/a]	[− 13,200]	[− 1800]	[− 1926]	[− 1353]	[− 26,700]	[− 4385]	[138]	[− 2173]
Household	0.56	− 0.09	1.12	0.23	0.09	0.19	0.32	0.16	− 0.44	0.14	−0.19	0.25
Household	[− 467]	[− 300]	[589]	[n/a]	[450]	[112]	[168]	[107]	[− 4400]	[108]	[−59]	[167]
Others	4.26	−0.90	4.79	1.42	4.13	−0.14	5.09	1.41	5.08	0.67	−0.23	2.19
Others	[− 3550]	[− 3000]	[2521]	[n/a]	[20650]	[−82]	[2679]	[940]	[50800]	[515]	[−72]	[1460]
Initial	−0.01	−0.01	− 0.01	− 0.00	0.01	− 0.00	− 0.06**	−0.00	− 0.01	−0.00	0.01	0.00
Initial	[8]	[−33]	[−5]	[n/a]	[50]	[0]	[−32]	[0]	[−100]	[0]	[3]	[0]
Constant	−1.31	−0.47	− 1.44	− 0.16	−1.37	3.40	−1.27	0.85	−1.75	5.25	0.63	1.22
Constant	[1092]	[− 1567]	[− 758]	[n/a]	[− 6850]	[2000]	[− 668]	[567]	[−17,500]	[4038]	[197]	[813]
Total	0.11	0.24***	0.38***	0.22***	0.22***	0.39***	0.42***	0.38***	0.21***	0.36***	0.65***	0.39***
Total	[−92]	[800]	[200]	[n/a]	[1100]	[229]	[221]	[253]	[2100]	[277]	[203]	[260]

Notes: Females are the base group. Standard errors (not reported for brevity) are obtained using 500 bootstrap replications. Estimates from model 3 are used. Values in squared brackets are percentage of the estimated total gap. Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding. “n/a” denotes “not applicable” because of dividing by zero. Grouped variables: Student: age, Aboriginal status, and birth weight; Household: mother’s characteristics (age, migration background, completed qualification and working hours), having computer at home, home environment index, out-of-home activity index, household size, number of siblings, living with both biological parents, living in an owned home, household income, and school sector; Others: test states, test years, urban, local socio-economic background variables, and survey quarters; Initial: pre-school PPVT and WAI
Significance at the *10% level, **5% level, and ***1% level

Back to article page