The evolution of the gender test score gap through seventh grade: new insights from Australia using unconditional quantile regression and decomposition

Le, Huong Thu; Nguyen, Ha Trong

doi:10.1186/s40172-018-0062-y

Table 3 Contributions to the male-female test score gap at mean and selected percentiles by grade—reading

From: The evolution of the gender test score gap through seventh grade: new insights from Australia using unconditional quantile regression and decomposition

	Grade 3				Grade 5				Grade 7
	P10th	P50th	P90th	Mean	P10th	P50th	P90th	Mean	P10th	P50th	P90th	Mean
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)
Total gap	−0.26***	−0.11**	0.00	−0.13***	−0.22***	−0.21***	−0.28***	−0.23***	− 0.29***	−0.22***	− 0.06	−0.22***
Explained part
Child	−0.02	−0.01	− 0.00	−0.01	− 0.01	−0.01	0.00	−0.01	− 0.02*	0.00	0.00	−0.01
Child	[8]	[9]	[n/a]	[8]	[5]	[5]	[0]	[4]	[7]	[0]	[0]	[5]
Household	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	−0.01	−0.01	−0.02	−0.01	− 0.01	−0.01	− 0.00	−0.01
Household	[0]	[0]	[n/a]	[−8]	[5]	[5]	[7]	[4]	[3]	[5]	[0]	[5]
Others	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.02**	0.04**	0.03***	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.01
Others	[−4]	[−9]	[n/a]	[−8]	[−9]	[−10]	[−14]	[−13]	[−3]	[− 9]	[−17]	[−5]
Initial	−0.26***	−0.20***	−0.22***	−0.22***	− 0.19***	− 0.20***	−0.19***	− 0.20***	−0.18***	− 0.17***	−0.15***	− 0.15***
Initial	[100]	[182]	[n/a]	[169]	[86]	[95]	[68]	[87]	[62]	[77]	[250]	[68]
Total	−0.27***	−0.19***	−0.20***	− 0.21***	−0.20***	− 0.20***	−0.16***	− 0.20***	−0.20***	− 0.16***	−0.14***	− 0.16***
Total	[104]	[173]	[n/a]	[162]	[91]	[95]	[57]	[87]	[69]	[73]	[233]	[73]
Unexplained part
Child	−0.68	−2.07	2.67	−0.85	−1.37	−2.33	4.38	−1.19	−3.72	−4.67*	−6.41*	−4.04**
Child	[262]	[1882]	[n/a]	[654]	[623]	[1110]	[− 1564]	[517]	[1283]	[2123]	[10683]	[1836]
Household	−0.48	−0.09	1.24	0.46	0.47	−0.04	−1.13	−0.09	0.13	0.84	1.11	0.42
Household	[185]	[82]	[n/a]	[− 354]	[− 214]	[19]	[404]	[39]	[−45]	[− 382]	[− 1850]	[− 191]
Others	6.32	−0.20	−5.99	−2.03	6.74	−1.58	−0.58	− 0.40	1.35	− 0.81	−4.51	0.28
Others	[− 2431]	[182]	[n/a]	[1562]	[− 3064]	[752]	[207]	[174]	[− 466]	[368]	[7517]	[− 127]
Initial	0.02	−0.00	0.00	0.00	−0.00	− 0.01	0.00	− 0.00	0.01	− 0.02	− 0.00	− 0.00
Initial	[−8]	[0]	[n/a]	[0]	[0]	[5]	[0]	[0]	[−3]	[9]	[0]	[0]
Constant	−5.17	2.44	2.28	2.49	−5.86	3.95	−2.79	1.66	2.15	4.59	9.89*	3.28
Constant	[1988]	[− 2218]	[n/a]	[− 1915]	[2664]	[− 1881]	[996]	[− 722]	[− 741]	[− 2086]	[−16,483]	[− 1491]
Total	0.01	0.08*	0.20***	0.07**	−0.02	−0.01	−0.11*	−0.03	−0.08	− 0.06	0.08	− 0.06*
Total	[−4]	[−73]	[n/a]	[−54]	[9]	[5]	[39]	[13]	[28]	[27]	[− 133]	[27]

Notes: Females are the base group. Standard errors (not reported for brevity) are obtained using 500 bootstrap replications. Estimates from model 3 are used. Values in squared brackets are percentage of the estimated total gap. Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding. “n/a” denotes “not applicable” because of dividing by zero. Grouped variables: Student: age, Aboriginal status, and birth weight; Household: mother’s characteristics (age, migration background, completed qualification and working hours), having computer at home, home environment index, out-of-home activity index, household size, number of siblings, living with both biological parents, living in an owned home, household income, and school sector; Others: test states, test years, urban, local socio-economic background variables, and survey quarters; Initial: pre-school PPVT and WAI
Significance at the *10% level, **5% level, and ***1% level

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