The evolution of the gender test score gap through seventh grade: new insights from Australia using unconditional quantile regression and decomposition

Le, Huong Thu; Nguyen, Ha Trong

doi:10.1186/s40172-018-0062-y

Table 14 Contributions to the male-female test score gap at mean and selected percentiles by grade—reading

From: The evolution of the gender test score gap through seventh grade: new insights from Australia using unconditional quantile regression and decomposition

	Grade 3				Grade 5				Grade 7
	P10th	P50th	P90th	Mean	P10th	P50th	P90th	Mean	P10th	P50th	P90th	Mean
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)
Total gap	−0.26***	− 0.11**	0.00	−0.13***	− 0.04	− 0.21***	− 0.31***	−0.22***	− 0.30***	−0.21***	− 0.07	−0.22***
Explained part
Child	−0.02	−0.01	− 0.00	−0.01	− 0.01	0.01	0.01	0.00	−0.01	0.00	0.00	−0.00
Child	[8]	[9]	[n/a]	[8]	[25]	[−5]	[−3]	[0]	[3]	[0]	[0]	[0]
Household	−0.26***	−0.20***	−0.22***	− 0.22***	−0.08***	− 0.09***	−0.09***	− 0.09***	−0.15***	− 0.19***	−0.17***	− 0.16***
Household	[100]	[182]	[n/a]	[169]	[200]	[43]	[29]	[41]	[50]	[90]	[243]	[73]
Others	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.01	−0.01	−0.01	0.01	− 0.00	−0.01	0.01	0.01	0.00
Others	[−4]	[−9]	[n/a]	[−8]	[25]	[5]	[−3]	[0]	[3]	[− 5]	[−14]	[0]
Initial	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00	−0.00	0.00	−0.01	− 0.01	0.00	− 0.01
Initial	[0]	[0]	[n/a]	[−8]	[0]	[0]	[0]	[0]	[3]	[5]	[0]	[5]
Total	−0.27***	−0.19***	−0.20***	− 0.21***	−0.10***	− 0.09***	−0.07**	− 0.08***	−0.18***	− 0.18***	−0.16***	− 0.17***
Total	[104]	[173]	[n/a]	[162]	[250]	[43]	[23]	[36]	[60]	[86]	[229]	[77]
Unexplained part
Child	−0.68	−2.07	2.67	−0.85	−1.25	−4.41*	5.04	−2.04	−2.77	−2.58	−3.04	− 1.55
Child	[262]	[1882]	[n/a]	[654]	[3125]	[2100]	[− 1626]	[927]	[923]	[1229]	[4343]	[705]
Household	0.02	−0.00	0.00	0.00	− 0.18*	− 0.15**	− 0.06	−0.06*	0.24	0.12	0.35	0.23***
Household	[−8]	[0]	[n/a]	[0]	[450]	[71]	[19]	[27]	[−80]	[−57]	[−500]	[−105]
Others	6.32	−0.20	−5.99	−2.03	9.05**	−0.14	−2.91	0.78	−0.46	−1.95	−6.09	−0.78
Others	[−2431]	[182]	[n/a]	[1562]	[− 22,625]	[67]	[939]	[−355]	[153]	[929]	[8700]	[355]
Initial	−0.48	−0.09	1.24	0.46	0.09	0.27	−0.63	−0.30	− 0.97	0.13	0.12	−0.33
Initial	[185]	[82]	[n/a]	[−354]	[−225]	[−129]	[203]	[136]	[323]	[−62]	[− 171]	[150]
Total	−5.17	2.44	2.28	2.49	−7.65	4.31	−1.67	1.49	3.85	4.26	8.75	2.39
Total	[1988]	[−2218]	[n/a]	[−1915]	[19125]	[− 2052]	[539]	[− 677]	[− 1283]	[− 2029]	[−12,500]	[− 1086]
Unexplained Total	0.01	0.08	0.20***	0.07**	0.06	−0.12*	−0.24**	−0.13***	− 0.11**	− 0.02	0.09	− 0.04**
Unexplained Total	[−4]	[−73]	[n/a]	[−54]	[−150]	[57]	[77]	[59]	[37]	[10]	[− 129]	[18]

Notes: Females are the base group. Standard errors (not reported for brevity) are obtained using 500 bootstrap replications. Estimates from model 4 are used. Values in squared brackets are percentage of the estimated total gap. Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding. “n/a” denotes “not applicable” because of dividing by zero. Grouped variables: Student: age, Aboriginal status, and birth weight; Household: mother’s characteristics (age, migration background, completed qualification and working hours), having computer at home, home environment index, out-of-home activity index, household size, number of siblings, living with both biological parents, living in an owned home, household income, and school sector; Others: test states, test years, urban, local socio-economic background variables, and survey quarters; Initial: pre-school PPVT and WAI for grade 3 and previous reading test scores for grades 5 and 7
Significance at the *10% level, **5% level, and ***1% level

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