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Table 1 Descriptive statistics at the firm level (1999–2010)

From: Does education raise productivity and wages equally? The moderating role of age and gender

Variables

Mean

Std. Dev.

Value added per hour (€a)

66.19

526.00

ln(value added per hour)

3.85

0.54

Wage cost per hour (€a)

33.34

19.62

ln(wage cost per hour)

3.44

0.33

Gross profit per hour (€a), i.e. value added per hour − wage cost per hour

32.85

524.56

ln(gross profit per hour), i.e. ln(value added per hour − wage cost per hour)

2.41

1.21

Value added-wage cost gap, i.e. ln(value added per hour) - ln(wage cost per hour)

0.41

0.37

Share of low-educated workers (E12):

0.30

0.295

 - Primary education (E1)

0.07

0.16

 - Lower secondary education (E2)

0.23

0.26

Share of middle-educated workers (E34)

0.43

0.27

 - Upper general secondary education (E3)

0.21

0.24

 - Upper technical or professional secondary education (E4)

0.22

0.25

Share of high-educated workers (E567):

0.28

0.25

 - Bachelor’s or equivalent level (E5)

0.16

0.16

 - Master’s or equivalent level (E6)

0.11

0.15

 - Post-Master’ education or PhD (E7)

0.01

0.03

Workers with 10 years of tenure or more (%)

0.40

0.23

Share of workers < 30 years

0.21

0.13

Share of workers > 49 years

0.17

0.12

Women (%)

0.26

0.23

Part-time (less than 30 h per week, %)

0.11

0.13

Blue-collar workers (%)

0.53

0.33

Fixed-term employment contacts (%)

0.03

0.08

Apprentices (%)

0.00

0.01

Temporary agency workers (%)

0.00

0.04

Mining and quarrying (C)

0.01

0.09

Manufacturing (D)

0.58

0.49

Electricity, gas and water supply (E)

0.00

0.06

Construction (F)

0.10

0.30

Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles and personal and household goods (G)

0.12

0.33

Hotels and restaurant (H)

0.01

0.12

Transport, storage and communication (I)

0.06

0.23

Financial intermediation (J)

0.02

0.13

Real estate, renting and business activities (K)

0.10

0.30

Firm-level collective agreement (%)

0.32

0.46

Brussels

0.15

0.34

Flanders

0.57

0.48

Wallonia

0.28

0.43

Capital stock (€a)

236,013

2,095,986

Number of observations

6714

Number of firms

1844

  1. aAt 2004 constant prices. Own calculations based on SES-SBS data