From: Does education raise productivity and wages equally? The moderating role of age and gender
Variables | Mean | Std. Dev. |
---|---|---|
Value added per hour (€a) | 66.19 | 526.00 |
ln(value added per hour) | 3.85 | 0.54 |
Wage cost per hour (€a) | 33.34 | 19.62 |
ln(wage cost per hour) | 3.44 | 0.33 |
Gross profit per hour (€a), i.e. value added per hour − wage cost per hour | 32.85 | 524.56 |
ln(gross profit per hour), i.e. ln(value added per hour − wage cost per hour) | 2.41 | 1.21 |
Value added-wage cost gap, i.e. ln(value added per hour) - ln(wage cost per hour) | 0.41 | 0.37 |
Share of low-educated workers (E12): | 0.30 | 0.295 |
- Primary education (E1) | 0.07 | 0.16 |
- Lower secondary education (E2) | 0.23 | 0.26 |
Share of middle-educated workers (E34) | 0.43 | 0.27 |
- Upper general secondary education (E3) | 0.21 | 0.24 |
- Upper technical or professional secondary education (E4) | 0.22 | 0.25 |
Share of high-educated workers (E567): | 0.28 | 0.25 |
- Bachelor’s or equivalent level (E5) | 0.16 | 0.16 |
- Master’s or equivalent level (E6) | 0.11 | 0.15 |
- Post-Master’ education or PhD (E7) | 0.01 | 0.03 |
Workers with 10 years of tenure or more (%) | 0.40 | 0.23 |
Share of workers < 30 years | 0.21 | 0.13 |
Share of workers > 49 years | 0.17 | 0.12 |
Women (%) | 0.26 | 0.23 |
Part-time (less than 30 h per week, %) | 0.11 | 0.13 |
Blue-collar workers (%) | 0.53 | 0.33 |
Fixed-term employment contacts (%) | 0.03 | 0.08 |
Apprentices (%) | 0.00 | 0.01 |
Temporary agency workers (%) | 0.00 | 0.04 |
Mining and quarrying (C) | 0.01 | 0.09 |
Manufacturing (D) | 0.58 | 0.49 |
Electricity, gas and water supply (E) | 0.00 | 0.06 |
Construction (F) | 0.10 | 0.30 |
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles and personal and household goods (G) | 0.12 | 0.33 |
Hotels and restaurant (H) | 0.01 | 0.12 |
Transport, storage and communication (I) | 0.06 | 0.23 |
Financial intermediation (J) | 0.02 | 0.13 |
Real estate, renting and business activities (K) | 0.10 | 0.30 |
Firm-level collective agreement (%) | 0.32 | 0.46 |
Brussels | 0.15 | 0.34 |
Flanders | 0.57 | 0.48 |
Wallonia | 0.28 | 0.43 |
Capital stock (€a) | 236,013 | 2,095,986 |
Number of observations | 6714 | |
Number of firms | 1844 |