A new measure of skill mismatch: theory and evidence from PIAAC

Table 4 Skill mismatch by country—numeracy

Country	Under-skilled	Well-matched	Over-skilled	Country	Under-skilled	Well-matched	Over-skilled
Austria	0.018	0.834	0.148	Korea	0.056	0.792	0.152
	(0.043)	(0.060)	(0.041)		(0.024)	(0.035)	(0.031)
Belgium^a	0.059	0.859	0.082	The Netherlands	0.038	0.904	0.058
	(0.017)	(0.021)	(0.019)		(0.013)	(0.021)	(0.015)
Canada	0.028	0.874	0.098	Norway	0.074	0.848	0.078
	(0.007)	(0.015)	(0.012)		(0.018)	(0.028)	(0.021)
Czech Republic	0.038	0.838	0.124	Poland	0.107	0.739	0.155
	(0.023)	(0.034)	(0.028)		(0.025)	(0.037)	(0.027)
Denmark	0.062	0.842	0.096	Russia	0.065	0.816	0.119
	(0.013)	(0.019)	(0.015)		(0.044)	(0.050)	(0.038)
Estonia	0.031	0.910	0.059	Slovak Republic	0.043	0.782	0.176
	(0.010)	(0.019)	(0.017)		(0.027)	(0.033)	(0.031)
Finland	0.040	0.897	0.063	Spain	0.151	0.599	0.250
	(0.008)	(0.018)	(0.016)		(0.033)	(0.038)	(0.035)
France	0.043	0.892	0.065	Sweden	0.075	0.843	0.081
	(0.010)	(0.019)	(0.016)		(0.025)	(0.031)	(0.022)
Germany	0.105	0.653	0.243	UK^b	0.069	0.822	0.108
	(0.033)	(0.041)	(0.040)		(0.017)	(0.028)	(0.024)
Ireland	0.121	0.726	0.153	USA	0.139	0.598	0.263
	(0.034)	(0.043)	(0.038)		(0.038)	(0.038)	(0.042)
Italy	0.088	0.771	0.141	Total	0.087	0.746	0.167
	(0.030)	(0.039)	(0.030)		(0.070)	(0.137)	(0.079)
Japan	0.035	0.894	0.071
	(0.011)	(0.020)	(0.018)