A new measure of skill mismatch: theory and evidence from PIAAC

Table 3 Skill mismatch by country—literacy

Country	Under-skilled	Well-matched	Over-skilled	Country	Under-skilled	Well-matched	Over-skilled
Austria	0.022	0.878	0.100	Korea	0.057	0.758	0.185
	(0.041)	(0.540)	(0.041)		(0.025)	(0.032)	(0.029)
Belgium^a	0.058	0.855	0.087	The Netherlands	0.040	0.893	0.067
	(0.016)	(0.022)	(0.019)		(0.012)	(0.019)	(0.016)
Canada	0.024	0.880	0.095	Norway	0.058	0.833	0.109
	(0.006)	(0.013)	(0.013)		(0.022)	(0.028)	(0.023)
Czech Republic	0.042	0.818	0.140	Poland	0.103	0.778	0.119
	(0.021)	(0.032)	(0.029)		(0.026)	(0.037)	(0.030)
Denmark	0.047	0.839	0.114	Russia	0.100	0.793	0.107
	(0.011)	(0.018)	(0.014)		(0.042)	(0.047)	(0.036)
Estonia	0.042	0.892	0.066	Slovak Republic	0.102	0.777	0.120
	(0.013)	(0.023)	(0.019)		(0.025)	(0.030)	(0.026)
Finland	0.030	0.900	0.070	Spain	0.171	0.580	0.249
	(0.008)	(0.019)	(0.018)		(0.036)	(0.038)	(0.039)
France	0.044	0.897	0.059	Sweden	0.091	0.810	0.099
	(0.012)	(0.021)	(0.015)		(0.025)	(0.033)	(0.022)
Germany	0.097	0.670	0.233	UK^b	0.067	0.825	0.108
	(0.036)	(0.045)	(0.041)		(0.017)	(0.024)	(0.020)
Ireland	0.117	0.740	0.142	USA	0.144	0.612	0.244
	(0.032)	(0.042)	(0.033)		(0.039)	(0.037)	(0.042)
Italy	0.102	0.766	0.132	Total	0.093	0.746	0.162
	(0.030)	(0.042)	(0.032)		(0.072)	(0.133)	(0.073)
Japan	0.031	0.876	0.093
	(0.011)	(0.021)	(0.018)

Bootstrapped standard errors in parentheses. See Appendix for details on the bootstrap procedure. Source: OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC)
^aOnly the Flanders region is included in the survey
^bOnly England and Northern Ireland are included