Retirement intentions in the presence of technological change: theory and evidence from France

Table 5 Ordered Probit estimates of the intended retirement age, with technical change at the industry level

Variables	(1)	(2)	(3)
Single	0.169*	0.165*	0.178**
	(0.088)	(0.087)	(0.085)
Age	0.182***	0.181***	0.182***
	(0.030)	(0.030)	(0.030)
Education
(ref: Primary)
Secondary/Vocational	-0.156**	-0.136**	-0.147**
	(0.072)	(0.078)	(0.075)
High school	-0.007	0.018	-0.008
	(0.123)	(0.129)	(0.124)
Undergraduate	-0.234	-0.260	-0.272
	(0.222)	(0.208)	(0.213)
Graduate/Postgraduate	-0.046	-0.108	-0.116
	(0.173)	(0.159)	(0.179)
Occupation
(ref: Blue-collar workers)
Managers	0.366**	0.373***	0.359***
	(0.135)	(0.134)	(0.127)
Technicians	0.082	0.140	0.122
	(0.117)	(0.110)	(0.102)
Clerical workers	0.073	0.146	0.114
	(0.204)	(0.175)	(0.207)
Public sector	-0.189**	-0.252**	-0.253***
	(0.093)	(0.097)	(0.090)
Part-time job	0.357*	0.315	0.385*
	(0.216)	(0.241)	(0.216)
Good/very good health	0.192**	0.186**	0.206**
	(0.081)	(0.084)	(0.081)
Years to full pension age	0.160***	0.161***	0.163***
	(0.015)	(0.015)	(0.015)
Variables of technical change at the industrial level
Average probability of a technical change		-1.153***
		(0.403)
Proportion of workers in firms
with high intensity of change in ICT use			-1.430**
			(0.762)
Observations	1159	1159	1159
Log pseudolikelihood	-984.67	-979.04	-979.17
Pseudo R²	0.133	0.138	0.138

Note: estimates from ordered Probit model, the dependent variable being equal to 1 when the respondent intends to leave the labor market before 60, 2 when his intended exit age ranges from 60 to 64, and 3 if he intends to leave the labor market at 65 or after. Standard errors (in parentheses) are clustered at the industry level, significance levels being 1% (***), 5% (**) and 10% (*). The average probability of technical change is the probability that workers employed in a specific sector report having experienced a change in the techniques used over the last three years.
The proportion of workers in firms with high intensity of change in ICT (COI employer data) corresponds to the highest quartile of our synthetic indicator on technical change.
Source: COI (2006)/INSEE-DARES-CEE, TWR survey (2006), French Labour Force Survey 2006.