Absenteeism, unemployment and employment protection legislation: evidence from Italy

Table 5 Robustness check IV: the workload hypothesis

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Unemployment rate	-0.035***	-0.038***	-0.045***	-0.048***
	(0.006)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.007)
Small firm: 11–15 employees	0.105*	0.133**	0.085	0.111*
	(0.060)	(0.063)	(0.062)	(0.063)
Small firm: 11–15 employees * Unemployment	0.007	0.007	0.008	0.008
	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)
Large firm (>15 employees)			0.543***	0.603***
			(0.054)	(0.059)
Large firm (>15 employees) * Unemployment			0.014***	0.017***
			(0.004)	(0.005)
Lag ln(Wage)		-0.740***		-0.924***
		(0.109)		(0.088)
Female	-0.135***	-0.230***	0.243***	0.091*
	(0.049)	(0.058)	(0.048)	(0.052)
Age	-0.079***	-0.075***	-0.099***	-0.094***
	(0.015)	(0.016)	(0.014)	(0.013)
Age squared	0.001***	0.001***	0.002***	0.002***
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Blue-Collar	0.624***	0.503***	0.696***	0.518***
	(0.080)	(0.067)	(0.076)	(0.057)
Tenure	0.104***	0.071***	0.149***	0.124***
	(0.015)	(0.017)	(0.010)	(0.011)
Tenure squared	-0.008***	-0.006***	-0.010***	-0.008***
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Actual experience	-0.015**	-0.019***	-0.013**	-0.016**
	(0.006)	(0.007)	(0.006)	(0.006)
Constant	2.404***	5.176***	2.316***	5.758***
	(0.309)	(0.578)	(0.322)	(0.542)
Observations	176,008	146,199	574,074	483,530

Notes: WHIP dataset. OLS estimates are reported. The omitted category is Very small firms: 5–10 employees. Further controls are the same used in Table 2. Standard errors are allowed for within provincial correlation. The symbols ***, **, * indicate that coefficients are statistically significant, respectively, at the 1, 5, and 10 percent level.