What happens after enrollment? An analysis of the time path of racial differences in GPA and major choice

Table 12 Most challenging course

	Actual	Random	Ratio	Observations
Freshmen
Overall	0.694	0.474	1.464	786
Female	0.688	0.439	1.567	455
Black	0.758	0.448	1.692	154
SAT one standard deviation below the mean	0.674	0.427	1.578	155
Sophomores
Overall	0.717	0.453	1.582	706
Female	0.698	0.420	1.662	396
Black	0.761	0.394	1.931	142
SAT one standard deviation below the mean	0.654	0.365	1.791	127

Note: “Actual” indicates the fraction of students (in freshman or sophomore year) who listed natural science, engineering, or economics courses as their most challenging ones. “Random” denotes the probability of choosing a natural science, engineering, or economics course as most challenging if we randomly chose among the courses taken. Finally, “Ratio” indicates “ Actual” over “Random”.